Physics 2002 JAMB Past Questions - Question 27: Which of the following is a characteristic of stationary waves?

Correct Answer

B

Explanation

Stationary waves, also known as standing waves, exhibit several characteristics, including:

1. Nodes and Antinodes: Stationary waves have regions of minimum and maximum displacement called nodes and antinodes, respectively. Nodes are points where the amplitude of the wave is always zero, while antinodes are points where the amplitude reaches its maximum.

2. Zero Phase Velocity: In a stationary wave, the individual particles or points do not propagate in a specific direction. They oscillate in place with zero phase velocity. This is in contrast to traveling waves, where particles move in a particular direction.

3. Superposition: Stationary waves are formed by the superposition of two waves (usually two waves of the same frequency and amplitude) traveling in opposite directions. When these waves interfere constructively and destructively, they create the stationary wave pattern.

4. Energy Transport: Stationary waves do not transport energy through space. The energy remains localized in the region where the wave is formed. This is in contrast to traveling waves, which transport energy from one place to another.

5. Resonance: Stationary waves are often associated with resonance phenomena. When a system is excited at its natural frequency, it can exhibit stationary wave patterns. For example, vibrating strings, pipes, and other resonators can produce stationary waves when excited at specific frequencies.

6. Fixed Length: Stationary waves are typically formed within a medium of fixed length or boundaries. The length of the medium or the presence of reflecting boundaries plays a crucial role in the formation of stationary waves.

7. Harmonic Overtones: Stationary waves can have different harmonics or overtones, each with its own characteristic pattern. The fundamental frequency (first harmonic) has one antinode and two nodes, while higher harmonics have different node and antinode patterns.

8. Standing Wave Patterns: Stationary waves often exhibit distinct patterns, depending on the mode of vibration and the medium's properties. Common examples include the standing wave patterns on a vibrating string or in an open-closed tube.

In summary, stationary waves are characterized by the lack of propagation, fixed nodes and antinodes, and energy confinement to a specific region, among other features. These characteristics distinguish them from traveling waves, which transport energy through space.