Chemistry 2001 JAMB Past Questions - Question 19: Environmental pollution is worsened by the release from automobile exhausts of

Correct Answer

C

Explanation

Environmental pollution is worsened by the release from automobile exhausts of various pollutants, including:

1. **Carbon Monoxide (CO):** This colorless, odorless gas is produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels in vehicles. It can be harmful when inhaled, as it binds to hemoglobin in the bloodstream, reducing the amount of oxygen that can be transported to body tissues.

2. **Nitrogen Oxides (NOx):** This group of pollutants includes nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). They are formed during the combustion of fossil fuels at high temperatures in engines. NOx can contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone and fine particulate matter, both of which have adverse effects on respiratory health.

3. **Particulate Matter (PM):** Small particles, such as soot and dust, are emitted from vehicle exhaust. These particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and have been associated with respiratory and cardiovascular problems.

4. **Hydrocarbons (HC):** Unburned or partially burned fuel can release hydrocarbons into the atmosphere. Hydrocarbons, along with nitrogen oxides, can contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone, a major component of smog.

5. **Sulfur Dioxide (SO2):** While modern gasoline contains very low levels of sulfur, diesel fuel can still contain higher levels. The combustion of sulfur-containing fuels produces sulfur dioxide, which can contribute to the formation of acid rain and can irritate the respiratory system.

6. **Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs):** These are a group of organic chemicals that can evaporate into the air. Some VOCs are emitted from vehicle exhaust and can contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone and smog.

7. **Greenhouse Gases:** While not directly pollutants in the traditional sense, carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases are released from automobile exhaust. These gases contribute to global warming and climate change.

Efforts to address environmental pollution from automobile exhaust include the development and adoption of cleaner technologies such as electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, and the improvement of fuel efficiency in traditional combustion engines. Additionally, the promotion of public transportation, cycling, and walking can help reduce the overall impact of automobile emissions on the environment.